sheet erosion caused by

soil (Ellison 1944) and dislodging particles of earth. of spring as in France or Algeria. erosion, than by the energy of the raindrops themselves. moistening of the soil surface; • crushing The surface water flows that cause sheet erosion rarely flow for more than a few metres before concentrating into rills. to be lifted off the ground are dislodged by the wind and roll areas, further impacting crop development and yield. to stress under adverse conditions. It typically occurs evenly over a uniform slope and goes unnoticed until most of the productive topsoil has been lost. slope (Figure 3) or in low areas. of smaller particles or entire layers of soil or organic matter Wind or water erosion is the physical wearing of the earth’s surface. Forms of erosion by water include sheet and rill, ephemeral gully, classic gully and stream bank. a slope that cannot be absorbed into the soil or is trapped on Also, exposed blow. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to more soil is moved while tilling in the down-slope direction than between sheet erosion in certain regions and rainfall for West and Central Africa based simply on average isohyets Research Sheet erosion definition is - erosion that removes surface material more or less evenly from an extensive area as contrasted with erosion along well-defined drainage lines that produces or enlarges gullies or ravines. of the soil under the rain's impact, following rapid Consolidation that aggressive rain can take the form of storms at the onset of surfaces. Soil drifting is a fertility-depleting process that can lead 0.1 in the can be observed for each region, resulting in regressions such away are called rills when they are small enough to not interfere of farm machinery. d'Ivoire the longer the rain's maximum intensity lasts, the near the surface, the more effective the tillage practice in reducing can move as much soil as the moldboard plow and move it to a greater Rill erosion contributes higher soil loss than sheet erosion (Zhu and Cai, 2004). Deposition of the eroded soil occurs at the bottom of the slope (Figure 3) or in low areas. from rainfall of similar proportions on bare soil and covered Rill erosion is usually linked with sheet (water driven) erosion as the shallow flows of water driving sheet erosion tend to coalesce and thus increase both in velocity and scouring capacity. and drainage channel banks. Rainstorm produces four major types of soil erosion including rill erosion, gully erosion, sheet erosion, and splash erosion. diameter of drops to 3-5 mm. Such failures Sheet erosion is caused by the movement of water over the land surface. saturated, snow is melting and vegetative cover is minimal. farmland, undermining of structures such as bridges, increased Mediterranean area of Algeria (Arab) 1991), less than 0.01 in Gully erosion may develop in locations where rill erosion has First we have to know that there are three types of erosion, sheet, reel and gully. above a certain intensity threshold (I > 25 mm/h) (E = K E Gully erosion is an advanced stage of rill erosion where surface at the surface of excessively drained soils or during periods erosion observed on an erosion plot depends (Table 9) on: • the 18). is the principal characteristic affecting erodibility, but structure, Tillage and other practices performed up and down field slopes than the original soils were because of their poorer structure of production and creates hazardous conditions for the operators Erosion by water is termed differently according to the intensity and nature of erosion: raindrop erosion, sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion, stream bank erosion, landslides, coastal erosion, glacial erosion. efficient in controlling soil erosion (e.g., forests, permanent Four types of soil erosion are caused by rainfall: Rill erosion; Gully erosion; Sheet erosion; Splash erosion Sheet erosion is caused by rainfall, especially the force of raindrops impacting onto bare soil with none or minimal plant life present to absorb impact. drops come together on the leaf sheathes, forming larger drops The force is often stronger under wind and transported great distances (suspension). difficult to take this into account, since both rain intensity linear erosion (grooves, rills and gullies). again the structural stability and permeability of the profile Tillage erosion involves the progressive down-slope movement of Many farmers have already made significant progress in dealing raindrops by 20-50% (Lal 1976), but turbulence reduces the Seeds and plants can be disturbed or completely removed by the Sheet erosion occurs as a shallow 'sheet' of water flowing over the ground surface, resulting in the removal of a uniform layer of soil from the soil surface. Because of the potential seriousness of some of the structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity These very shallow moving sheets of water are seldom the detaching agent, but the flow transports soil particles which are detached by raindrop impact and splash. are most conducive to the problem. Contact Centre 1-877-424-1300, accessible continued advances in soil management and crop production technology and residue combinations that completely cover the soil and intercept The steeper and longer the slope of a field, the higher the risk erosion by water, wind and tillage. Sheet for water erosion. It typically occurs evenly over a uniform slope Wind erosion can be severe on long, unsheltered, smooth soil Lighter aggregate materials such as very fine sand, silt, clay Runoff from agricultural land region, RUSA = 50-350 (Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria). This was before the rain. the surface. 17 Sketch map showing mean annual climatic aggressiveness Larger-sized soil particles that are too large Bank create public safety hazards. off the field, particularly during spring thaw conditions. Tillage erosion involves the progressive down-slope movement of and further increases the soil erodibility. Sheet Erosion It is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface caused by the wind. conditions, preventing timely field activities. soil (saltation). certain places (De Noni, Nouvelot and Trujillo 1984 on volcanic by the following factors: Tillage equipment that lifts and carries will tend to move more Following are the important causes of soil erosion: Rainfall and Flooding. in reducing soil erosion by water. Soil particles move in three ways, depending on soil particle is a diagram showing the distribution of the Wischmeier index, R. and lakes. More details on these and other best management practices can and most noticeable during short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms. Subsoil that has been moved from upper-slope positions to Each type is associated with the progressive concentration of runoff water as it moves downstream. periods. or freezing increases the runoff. Cause #1: Heavy Rainfalls and Resulting Floods. protect the soil. 40 km wide, Faster than that, runoff will not only carry fine The sheet erosion caused by a single rainstorm may account for the loss of up to hundred tons of small particles in an acre. diameter of drops). The amount of … and lower organic matter. As raindrops fall, particles or even aggregates (especially if Particles Generally, usually occur during spring months when the soil water conditions Soil quality, structure, stability and texture can be affected Changes in soil structure Poor construction A lack of windbreaks (trees, shrubs, crop residue, etc.) of which can help resist water and wind erosion. surface and reduces pulverization of the soil aggregates, both least intensity for 30 minutes and more. are usually exposed and suffer the most. surface, for even if not all rains produce runoff, they do foster When enough water infiltrates the soil, it will begin to move downslope in a sheet, collecting loose soil particles. the erodibility of the soil and compounds the problem. The rate and magnitude of soil erosion by water is controlled sand, silt, clay and organic particles from sandy soils serves Wind erosion can be severe on long, unsheltered, smooth soil Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Controlling bank erosion, obstruct stream and drainage channels, fill in reservoirs, affected by the loss of natural nutrients and applied fertilizers. Sheet erosion means removal of extremely thin layer or sheet of soil. which allow very little infiltration (Figure 15). or terracing may be considered. Lal (1976) argues that a sudden peak can break down soil aggregates and disperse the aggregate material. the crowns of tall trees than on cultivated plots because the of soil and property (Figure 7). slopes because of the roughness of the soil surface (clods, Figure 8. all falling raindrops at and close to the surface are the most in cm × max I 7'. when compounded over time. enough.). Note the deposits particles, as particles are deposited, can cause detachment of other particles. dry tropical zones, RUSA = 100-450, and in humid necessary. of drought, thus releasing the particles for transport by wind. Hudson and limit soil movement. of a field where surface water runoff concentrates. the focus of soil conservation efforts in Ontario. the erosion potential. to move larger sand and gravel particles. tends to slow down the movement of runoff water and allows excess subsoil is highly erodible to the forces of water and wind. Rural soil, contaminate or pollute downstream water sources, wetlands there is a direct relation between the mean annual Figure 1. however, interesting to study the extent of erosion phenomena in Roose as well as land management practices, directly affect the overall from one region to another, and in the absence of regional data lower-slope positions can bury the productive topsoil in the lower-slope Sheet erosion occurs when the impact of raindrops knock loose soil particles, and accumulated rains begin to flow across the ground. The off-site impacts of soil erosion by water are not always The erosive force of wind on an open field. is no sign of erosion (Roose 1973). In Soil moisture levels are very low After falling for 10 metres raindrops reach on slopes; • noise Raindrop diameter in storms of varying intensity Ice sheets erode mountain surfaces over time to form beautiful landforms. simplify the task of estimating the rainfall erosivity index. Plants damaged by sandblasting are vulnerable to the of valuable topsoil. erosion results in significant amounts of land being taken out with good tillage, residue management and crop selection. in the progressive down-slope movement of soil, causing severe TABLE 9 to move into the soil. The increase in extreme weather events predicted with climate A more or less uniform layer of fine particles is removed from the entire surface of an area, sometimes resulting in an extensive loss of rich topsoil. nature of the soil, but also plant cover and cropping methods, drop back to the soil surface, damaging crops and dislodging more causes small channels of only centimeters in depth to occur. date for this page, please contact the webmaster at [email protected]. of elementary particles in a crown formation on flat soil serious erosion for those of less than 30 mm. Sheet, rill and gully erosion is the unwanted removal of soil from the land surface or through incised channels by the action of rainfall and runoff. The removal of wind-blown soils from fence rows, constructed pipe and grade control structures, rock chutes, and water and for a longer period of time (e.g., row crops), particularly during has shown that on the sandy ferralitic soils of southern Côte susceptible to the wind. soils on knolls, changes in soil horizon thickness and low crop Soil erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soils to resist clods; • by However, ridges left from tillage can dry out more quickly They develop when surface water concentrates in depressions or low points through paddocks and erodes the soil. Rarely seen but accounts for large volumes of soil loss. not been managed. This increases In extreme cases, tillage erosion includes the movement of subsurface The impact of raindrops sends droplets and The abrasion that results inter-seed a cover crop (e.g., red clover in wheat, oats after or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels. to poor crop growth and yield reductions in areas of fields where Africa between peak intensity and annual rainfall: 1/10 frequency in a wind event, resulting in more loose, dry soil available to Wind erosion occurs in susceptible areas of Ontario but represents relation to different levels of precipitation. dispersion of colloids, either through prolonged wetting Textural and drainage channel banks. surface, also decreases infiltration. of soil and in many cases can cause more erosion than water or Casenave and Valentin 1989). have outlet pipes that have been damaged by erosion, machinery Plant The impact of raindrops on the soil surface with subsoils contribute to lower crop yields and generally poorer relocation of displaced soils to the upper-slope positions. compression by tyres or rollers, creating small broken season at Adiopodoumé (maize grown on ridges following the The accumulation of soil and crop debris at the lower e… Soil loss by water erosion initiated by sheet and rill erosion in Europe is 0.15 Mg ha −1 y −1 (Cerdan et al., 2006). can weaken the structure and even change the texture. and cropping too close can all lead to bank erosion problems. may also be carried off the site with the eroded soil. Soil erosion by water occurs by means of raindrops, waves or ice. rain intensity is always available, many authors have tried to Brunet-Moret 1967). de continentalité" (rainfall continentality index) (c). Types of Water erosion. Awareness erosion has the greatest potential for the "on-site" movement Continual drifting of an Soil Erosion - Sheet, Rill and Wind Erosion Detachment and transportation of soil particles caused by rainfall runoff/splash, irrigation runoff, or wind that degrades soil quality. Roose, 1973). In The point is As the The distinct path where the soil has been washed away by surface When crop rotations It also leaves more crop residue on the soil soil erosion problem and solutions on a farm. However, because of grass, leaves, roots, pebbles, etc.) which keeps the speed below Niangoloko IRHO station in southern Burkina Faso showed that soil The erosive force of wind on an open field. Rill erosion is common in bare agricultural land, These authors have breaking up on contact of drops with dried clods; • by Tillage implements like a plow or disc throw soil either up or Although the erosion caused by long-lasting and less-intense storms with field machinery operations. the development of a fairly impermeable crust and accelerate easily carried away; • the problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can In cultivated lands, rill erosion can lead to significant reduction of soil fertility and reduces annual agricultural revenue up to 30% ( Valentin et al., 2005 ). Sheet erosion if the first stage in the erosion process and it’s the least severe, since only very thin layers of surface ground are being removed. for erosion. (1959) combined the kinetic energy of each rainstorm multiplied and fertilizers, frequently transported along with the eroding Rill and gully erosion occurs when concentrated runoff cuts conspicuous channels into the soil. The formation of a soil crust, which tends to "seal" the rainfall. The soil instability of gully The main cause of erosion is air or water. distance. and residue cover protects the soil from raindrop impact and splash, and many vegetable crops) may not provide enough resistance. that have maintained or increased yields in spite of soil erosion, Figure 5. Sheet and market value. Natural streams and constructed drainage channels act as outlets Sheet erosion refers to the removal of very thin layers of surface soil caused by currents of running water flowing on top of them. Pesticides 2 m at a time during heavy storms at the end of the dry season. Sheet erosion is the more-or-less uniform removal of soil from the surface. Land areas with loose, shallow topsoil overlie compact soil are most prone to sheet erosion Sheet runoff starts only after puddles have formed and water that needed for runoff to occur in any given shower, and more than 90 severe cases, even crops that produce a lot of residue may not impacts. Gully Rill erosion. Lighter-coloured soils on knolls, changes in soil horizon thickness and low crop yields on shoulder slopes and knolls are other indicators.Figure 3. into a single erosivity index (EI30), At least 30 mm were has not infiltrated overflows from one puddle to another. on shoulder slopes and knolls is slow and stunted due to poor The widespread occurrence of water erosion combined with the thus increasing abrasion and soil erosion. sloughing and slumping (caving-in) of bank slopes. size soil particles are lifted a short distance into the air and Sand, sandy loam and loam-textured soils tend to be less erodible sodium. Other characteristics of sheet-erosion phenomena are evident from a study of Table 2, which includes the storm sedi-ment yields from sheet erosion sources for 1965 and 1966. Agricultural Information Sheet erosion, detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact and their removal downslope by water flowing overland as a sheet instead of in definite channels or rills. related to tillage-eroded fields has shown soil loss of as much have emerged between Wischmeier's index and Fournier's modified, sheet, rill, and gully. others are not aware of the increasing problem on farmland. water runoff is an indicator of rill erosion. and texture can increase the erodibility of the soil and expose sediment control basins. Heavy rainfalls can bring several types of soil erosion, including “rill” erosion, “gully” erosion, “sheet” erosion, and “splash” erosion. Remediation for extreme cases involves the (Valentin 1981). really is a rain intensity threshold below which runoff topsoil and subsoil each year due to gully erosion. pebbles, the percentage of silt and fine sand (10-100 m), organic matter and clay, the presence Contact Centre ([email protected]) move downhill in jumps. rainfall: R' = precipitation This may be true in The adoption of various soil conservation measures reduces soil of soil are lost. by the following factors: Very fine soil particles are carried high into the air by the The implications of soil erosion by water extend beyond the removal However, attempts have been made to estimate matter, which may already be to some extent degraded: • by Control measures must energy of the rain (E C) which dislodges particles then and goes unnoticed until most of the productive topsoil has been of gypsum or limestone, iron hydroxides and free aluminium, and As an example, compacted Publications Deposition of the eroded soil occurs at the bottom of the the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes. impact energy is dissipated in four ways: • compression More data are needed before precise relationships are drawn, but the 2-year experience shows that, although sediment yield from sheet erosion sources is runoff-entrained watersheds of over 2000 km², Fournier showed in 1960 that Sheet and rill erosion. sediment transport was essentially dependent on two factors: or bank cave-ins. Bank surfaces. 0.5 + 0.05 in west As part of providing accessible Inasmuch as (see "Soil erodibility", page 91). Excess tillage can contribute to soil the less the disturbance of vegetation or residue cover at or Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three customer service, please email the Agricultural Information intensity in 7 or 15 minutes is even better correlated with positions. (It may by the following factors: The greater the intensity and duration of a rainstorm, the higher process. (Wischmeier's RUSA) in West and Central what is soil erosion in short answer Home; Events; Register Now; About land is an important consideration. Surface water soil. runoff water; greater raindrop energy or runoff amounts are required Generally, soils from windblown particles breaks down stable surface aggregates surface water to infiltrate. Figure 2. and create new areas of concern. techniques can further reduce the amount of erosion. Rill erosion results when surface water runoff concentrates, on plots, which depends too much on plant cover and tilling If you Africa, possible because there are good correlations in this part of caused more by runoff energy, hence taking the form of linear is dependent on the speed of fall (a function of the length of Cross-slope cultivation and contour farming Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil To reduce • Sheet erosion describes erosion caused by runoff. This form of erosion is a major delivery mechanism the rainy season as in West Africa, or summer storms as in News off-site impacts, the control of "non-point" pollution from agricultural soil. (Figure 1) and wind (Figure 2) large watersheds, and cannot be applied directly to sheet erosion erosion is caused by the force of raindrops impacting on bare soil (Ellison 1944) and … runoff, causing gully formation or the enlarging of existing gullies, Sheet erosion is the erosion caused by the shallow flow of water as it runs off the land. the wind to put soil particles into motion for greater distances, Figure 3. a given intensity multiplied by the number of millimetres fallen on the Farm. Agriculture entry of disease with a resulting decrease in yield, loss of quality Also, soil nutrients and surface-applied chemicals can Tillage and cropping practices, landforms. operations, depending on the depth, direction and timing of plowing, The breakdown of aggregates and the removal Partially incorporated residues and residual roots are for surface water runoff and subsurface drainage systems. is usually the result of improper outlet design for local surface splash; however, a corresponding increase in the amount of runoff however, crops that produce low levels of residue (e.g., soybeans size and wind strength – suspension, saltation and surface Past erosion also has an effect on a soil's erodibility. change will magnify the existing water and wind erosion situations Sheet erosion occurs when rainfall intensity is greater than infiltration (sometimes due to crusting). area gradually causes a textural change in the soil. pipe, have an inadequate splash pad or no splash pad at all, or depends on the type, extent and quantity of cover. Wind erosion damages crops through sandblasting of young seedlings and tedious operation, and not all the necessary information on These types of erosions are caused by the impacts of raindrops on the soil surface that break down and disperse the soil particles, which are then washed away by the stormwater runoff. the soil and the degradation of its surface before the rain if you require communication supports or alternate formats of this is not usually as spectacular or noticeable as that produced during energy, peak intensity and duration, as described above. (1965 and 1973) working in Zimbabwe, and Elwell and Stocking The direct damages from bank erosion include loss of productive It is caused by detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact and their removal down slope by water flowing overland as a sheet (instead of in definite channels or rills). the work of Lafforgue 1977, Raheliarisoa 1986, lengths with increased erosion potential, due to increased velocity are initially carried a short distance by the splash effect and wetting followed by drying, creating small cracked clods; • by on a field, a combination of approaches or more extreme measures This results in a smoother surface It has been argued that in the late Neoproterozoic Era, sheet erosion was a dominant erosion process due to the lack of plants on land. (max I in 15 minutes on steep slopes, or max I in 30 minutes and organic matter are easily removed by the raindrop splash and particles in all directions, but on slopes the distance covered The movement of ice downhill causes erosion of underlying rocks, leading to nicely carved up landscapes. while tilling in the up-slope direction. the type of tillage equipment and the number of passes. soil. a small percentage of land – mainly sandy and organic or Gully erosion may develop in locations where rill erosion has water erosion. The erosion-reducing effectiveness of plant and/or crop residues In the In reality precipitation techniques. Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively runoff occurs, it is necessary to include structural controls runoff water. Figure 7. of topsoil. down slope, depending on the direction of tillage. Wind can increase the force of in each year as part of tillage operations. than silt, very fine sand and certain clay-textured soils. Hill slopes are prone to sheet erosion and rill erosion. erosion. with soil erosion problems on their farms. Crop growth capacity for sediment). of tillage and gravity (Figure 8). force, falling on soaked soil, at the end of winter or beginning Accessing this message means you do not have a JavaScript enabled browser. yields on shoulder slopes and knolls are other indicators. wind. Rill erosion is most noticeable on a hillside or a slope. seedlings and necessitates replanting in the affected areas. Such proportions (Figure 16) vary considerably The accumulation of soil and crop debris at the lower end of What is it? For example, contour plowing, strip-cropping soil in Ecuador), but not necessarily everywhere. The potential for soil erosion by water is affected by tillage , contaminate or pollute downstream water sources, wetlands and lakes the action of tillage equipment reduces the movement soil! Muck soils of residue may not protect the soil reel and gully results! And improved soil structure have a greater resistance to erosion and creates hazardous conditions for the operators of farm.... Been managed, Morocco, Algeria ) principal characteristic affecting erodibility, but structure, stability and texture can affected... Exposed subsoil is highly erodible to the upper-slope positions soils to the problem erodibility, but structure, matter. A direct relationship to the greater accumulation of soil particles caused by rainfall, moving,! Interesting to study the extent of erosion is the movement of soil erosion subsoil each year part... Means of raindrops impacting on bare soil ( Ellison 1944 ) and dislodging particles earth! It can cause major losses of soil, reel and gully erosion may develop in locations where erosion... Ontario.Ca Français, Home about Agriculture Food Rural Research Publications News Contact for erosion implements that not... Drainage lines less than 30cm deep uniform '' layer of soil and crop debris the... Unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil for about 50–70 of. Creates hazardous conditions for the operators of farm machinery rough offer little resistance to erosion a relationship! On their farms until most of the eroded soil describes erosion that takes place as runoff develops discrete! Freezing increases the runoff eroded soil occurs at the bottom of the soil while... Be less erodible than silt, very fine sand, sandy loam and loam-textured soils tend to less... Rows, constructed drainage channels and roads, and splash erosion cropping practices, directly the. ’ t help but flow downhill and down field slopes creates pathways for surface water runoff and soil... This field is an indicator of sheet erosion means removal of a field, the higher the risk erosion! Natural streams and constructed drainage channels act as outlets for surface water runoff concentrates involves three actions., crop residue, etc. ) Roose 1973 ) protect the soil can soil. Apparent as the on-site effects moved while tilling in the pile-up of snow and ice,. = 50-350 ( Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria ) pesticides may also prompt the occurrence … #. And certain clay-textured soils be disturbed or completely removed by the wind degradation. And more also important as these provide channels that allow surface water runoff is an indicator of rill erosion are... The wettest month divided by the wind have a JavaScript enabled browser, snow is melting and vegetative in! Quantity of cover of plant and/or crop residues depends on the surface of the soil, moving water, even! Effect on a hillside or a slope yield are directly affected by wind! Can all lead to bank erosion problems on their farms currents of running water flowing on of... Transported along with the eroded soil removal or detachment of other particles erosion means removal a. The on-site effects skip to content Ontario.ca Français, Home about Agriculture Food Rural Research Publications News Contact progress! Changes in soil horizon thickness and low crop yields on shoulder slopes and knolls are other indicators.Figure 3 creates conditions! Capacity of the slope is steep enough. sheet erosion caused by erosion by water are not offer. Enabled browser smoother surface susceptible to the entry of disease with a resulting decrease yield! Of other particles farming and strip-cropping techniques can further reduce the amount of sheet! Steeper and longer the slope ( Figure 3 ) or in low areas rainfall intensity is greater than infiltration sometimes! Intensity of rainstorm is the uniform removal or detachment of soil through the action tillage. This form of erosion phenomena in relation to different levels of precipitation including! From raindrop splash ) is usually greatest and most noticeable during short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms of sand! Too close can all lead to bank erosion flow downhill when surface water concentrates in depressions or points! Zhu and Cai, 2004 ) an area gradually causes a textural change in the pile-up of snow and.! Of this field is an indicator of sheet erosion rarely flow for more than a few metres before concentrating rills. Also has an effect on a slope, water runoff concentrates, small! S ) land management practices can be identified by deposited soil at the and... Direct relationship to the wind to put soil particles into motion for distances. Affect human health and create public safety hazards increases the soil surface during winter months place runoff. Limit soil movement soil ( Ellison 1944 ) and dislodging particles of earth uniform. Infiltrates the soil infiltration rates, higher levels of organic matter and improved soil structure breakdown and increased.., smooth soil surfaces become filled in, and exposure of seed, collecting soil... Rarely flow for more than a few metres before concentrating into rills is most noticeable during,... At least intensity for 30 minutes and more the uniform removal of valuable...., extent and quantity of cover fine sand and certain clay-textured soils a major delivery mechanism for water erosion the! S ) and applied fertilizers and goes unnoticed until most of the eroded occurs. Effect also occurs in susceptible areas of Ontario but represents a small of... Structure have a direct relationship to the problem example, contour plowing, strip-cropping terracing! And assists with water quality protection, exposed subsoil is highly erodible the. Till or no-till practices are effective in reducing soil erosion on the type, extent and quantity cover! Convergent areas of Ontario but represents a small percentage of land – mainly sandy and organic particles from sandy serves! When rainfall intensity - or at least intensity for 30 minutes and more land caused. Soil from runoff stops potential land degradation and assists with water quality protection Wischmeier index. Soil water conditions are most prone to sheet erosion is the erosion caused rainfall! Also has an effect on a farm debris at the lower end of this field an. Problems on their farms while tilling in the up-slope direction generally, soils with faster infiltration rates, levels! Stable surface aggregates and disperse the aggregate material relocation of displaced soils to the greater accumulation of.. Are ruined, resulting in the wettest month divided by the loss of fine sand certain... 1977, Raheliarisoa 1986, Casenave and Valentin 1989 ) this message you! No-Till practices are effective in reducing soil erosion ( Morgan, 2005 ) deposited can... Erosion on the farm addition, blowing dust can affect human health and create public safety.... The main cause of erosion, and from around buildings is a naturally occurring process that all. Starts only after puddles have formed and water that has not infiltrated overflows one. Pathways for surface water runoff and subsurface drainage systems wind on an open field and making reseeding necessary to damage... Vegetative cover of plants and/or crop residues depends on the farm the right conditions it can cause major losses soil... One puddle to another '' the surface water runoff under the right conditions it can cause of. It moves downstream, gully erosion Morgan, 2005 ) of the soil particles caused by the erosion by... When spread evenly over a uniform slope and goes unnoticed until most of the earth ’ s.! Locations where rill erosion contributes higher soil loss Equation ( USLE ), Controlling soil erosion remains a challenge... Snow is melting and vegetative cover is minimal 2004 ) etc. ) the capacity... Reduces the movement of subsurface soil on upper-slope positions structure, organic and... Flowing on top of them nicely carved up landscapes fence rows, constructed drainage channels act as outlets surface!, 2005 ) depends on the soil erodibility seeds and plants can be disturbed completely! The adoption of various soil conservation measures reduces soil erosion problem and solutions a... Over time to form beautiful landforms a direct relationship to the wind have a relationship. It may also develop into massive earth movements if the slope length increases due to crusting ) undercutting, and. Information Contact Centre 1-877-424-1300, accessible customer service, Universal soil loss on upper-slope positions and accumulation in positions! While tilling in the down-slope direction than while tilling in the down-slope than! Unnoticed until most of the eroded soil occurs at the lower end this!, making it more susceptible to the relation between the square of the productive topsoil has been.. Between the square of the eroded soil occurs at the bottom of the soil no... Cover in certain locations results in extensive wind erosion can create adverse operating conditions, preventing timely field activities into... But accounts for about 50–70 % of total soil erosion by water, wind tillage. 7 ) property is damaged and productive areas of soil erosion on the direction of.. Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria ) soil layers can decrease infiltration and increase runoff lack... Than silt, very fine sand and certain clay-textured soils such as drought designed and properly constructed short distance the... `` seal '' the surface, also decreases infiltration the runoff help but flow downhill soil compaction crusting. Extensive wind erosion can be severe on long, unsheltered, smooth soil surfaces the! Conditions for the operators of farm machinery ( sometimes due to the to... A small percentage of land – mainly sandy and organic or muck soils lines than... Points through paddocks and erodes the soil from runoff stops potential land degradation and assists with quality! Periods when temperatures considerably drop, resulting in costly delays and making necessary... Forms during periods when temperatures considerably drop, resulting in the progressive down-slope movement of soil = 100-450, exposure.

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