elastic recoil of aorta

One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. BackgroundInformation. Arrows point to elastic lamellae. Because the aorta is subjected to high pressure from the left ventricle, elasticity of the aorta provides the Windkessel effect and maintains stable blood flow to distal organs throughout the cardiac cycle. The elastin-poor outer wall of the If you see the cardiac cycle and you see the dichrotic notch, and there is a slight elevation of the aortic pressure after this notch, that's because of the pressure exerted by the elastic recoil of the aorta. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. R01 HL105314/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, R01 HL106305/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, R01 HL115560/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States. The diastolic blood pressure occurs during passive elastic recoil of the aorta. If the aorta is compressed or stretched, it will recoil back to its normal shape. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [7]:209, The thoracic descending aorta gives rise to the intercostal and subcostal arteries, as well as to the superior and inferior left bronchial arteries and variable branches to the esophagus, mediastinum, and pericardium. [12] The aortic arch contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that relay information concerning blood pressure and blood pH and carbon dioxide levels to the medulla oblongata of the brain. This increased resistance causes the elastic tissue in the aorta to stretch (b) so that the recoil in diastole (c) results in a sustained forward moving force assisting the blood to get to their most distal destination – the feet. Elastic fibers are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the aorta and support a life-long cycling of stretch and recoil. Elastic fibers are formed from mid-gestation throughout early postnatal development and the synthesis is regulated at multiple steps, including coacervation, deposition, cross-linking, and assembly of insoluble elastin onto microfibril scaffolds. The thickness of the aorta requires an extensive network of tiny blood vessels called vasa vasorum, which feed the tunica externa and tunica media outer layers of the aorta. The wear-and-tear of elastic fibers in the aortic wall, due to the mechanical stress induced by each heartbeat, is ampli- The A2, on the other hand, becomes softer because inspiration decreases the volume ejected into the aorta and also places the aorta … Muscular arteries are smaller compared to elastic arteries. Elastic fibers are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the aorta and support a life-long cycling of stretch and recoil. [6]:18, The ascending aorta begins at the opening of the aortic valve in the left ventricle of the heart. What does ELASTIC ARTERY mean? Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange. The aorta supplies all of the systemic circulation, which means that the entire body, except for the respiratory zone of the lung, receives its blood from the aorta. The fundamental unit of the aorta is the elastic lamella, which consists of smooth muscle and elastic matrix. The aorta ends by dividing into two major blood vessels, the common iliac arteries and a smaller midline vessel, the median sacral artery. [9]:188, In patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital disorder, the fetal ductus arteriosis fails to close, leaving an open vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta.[14]. doi: 10.1530/VB-19-0027. Basic components of connective tissues and extracellular matrix: elastin, fibrillin, fibulins, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, tenascins and thrombospondins. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. Elastic fibers are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the aorta and support a life-long cycling of stretch and recoil. BackgroundInformation. Once, the pressure approaches 80 mmHg, the elastic recoil of aorta overcomes falling ventricular pressure leading to closure of aortic valve and the ventricular pressure continues to fall down. [10] It gives rise to lumbar and musculophrenic arteries, renal and middle suprarenal arteries, and visceral arteries (the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery). During systole, the elastic nature of the aorta allows it to accommodate the ejection volume of the heart. The ascending aorta was mildly dilated; however, Doppler echocardiographic interrogation of the descending aorta was technically impossible, thus precluding detection of an area of stenosis with increased flow velocity. 2020 Sep 1;319(3):C481-C499. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. 2020 Aug.;21(8):603-610. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B2000022. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). Due to inertia of flowing blood, blood momentarily hits the closed aortic … Semilunar valve opens. capillaries. Can J Cardiol. 2017 Aug 16;61:199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.011. The elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the heart. the aorta is classified as a(n) bulk flow. It ends in a bifurcation into the left and right common iliac arteries. Epub 2020 Jun 24. [9]:195, The abdominal aorta begins at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. elastic recoil and shortening the flap. The pulsatile nature of blood flow creates a pulse wave that is propagated down the arterial tree, and at bifurcations reflected waves rebound to return to semilunar valves and the origin of the aorta. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is highest in the aorta, and the MAP decreases across the circulation from aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins back to atrium. Data was approximated from [55] for. [9]:188, Variations in the branching of individual arteries may also occur. In fact the smooth muscle within the abdominal aorta is derived from mesoderm, and the coronary arteries, which arise just above the semilunar valves, possess smooth muscle of mesodermal origin. The major drawbacks are recoil of the vessel with recurrence of stenosis and vascular injury with consequent vessel dissection or aneurysm formation. During diastole the elastic components recoil, providing a steady forward force sustaining the flow toward the capillaries. tachycardia. This increased resistance causes the elastic tissue in the aorta to stretch (b) so that the recoil in diastole (c) results in a sustained forward moving force assisting the blood to get to their most distal destination – the feet. The stiffness of the aorta is associated with a number of diseases and pathologies, and noninvasive measures of the pulse wave velocity are an independent indicator of hypertension. ResearchTopic . HHS The main vesselswithin the system are the arteries and veins 1.The arteries and veins have a measurable amount of elastic fibreswithin them.The elastic fibres allow the blood vessels to expand andcontract to adopt to the … There is expansion of the false lumen due to reduced elastic recoil in its thin outer wall, which contains only about one-third of the baseline elastin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. [15] With age, the aorta stiffens such that the pulse wave is propagated faster and reflected waves return to the heart faster before the semilunar valve closes, which raises the blood pressure. dextro-Transposition of the great arteries, "Clarification of the identity of the mammalian fifth pharyngeal arch artery", "Elastin and collagen fibre microstructure of the human aorta in ageing and disease: a review", http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic44.htm Aorta, Trauma, "Aortic Trauma in Scotland - A Population Based Study", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aorta&oldid=995830973, Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 03:08. Additionally, the elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth the flow of blood around the body through the Windkessel effect. Its lowest pair of branches are the superior phrenic arteries, which supply the diaphragm, and the subcostal arteries for the twelfth rib. The genetics and biomechanics of thoracic aortic diseases. For example, the left vertebral artery may arise from the aorta, instead of the left common carotid artery. Results: Elastic recoil averaged 36% +/- 11% and ranged from 19% to 54% in this series of patients. 2019 Oct 15;1(1):R13-R25. Structural Changes Elastic arteries can stretch and recoil again in response to the pressure.  |  A failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to divide the great vessels results in persistent truncus arteriosus. Elastic arteries are the largest in the body such as the aorta and pulmonary artery. This stretching generates the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, when the aorta contracts passively. The smooth muscle component does not dramatically alter the diameter of the aorta but rather serves to increase the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the aortic wall when activated. Between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk is a network of autonomic nerve fibers, the cardiac plexus or aortic plexus. McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. The elastic matrix dominates the biomechanical properties of the aorta. Rupture may lead to fatal bleeding in only a few minutes. Elastic fibers are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the aorta and support a life-long cycling of stretch and recoil. The physical connections between elastic fibers and SMCs form the elastin-contractile units and maintain cytoskeletal organization and proper responses of SMCs to mechanical strain. To date, more than 30 molecules have been shown to associate with elastic fibers and some of them play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of elastic fibers in vivo. The descending aorta has two parts. Yamashiro Y, Thang BQ, Ramirez K, Shin SJ, Kohata T, Ohata S, Nguyen TAV, Ohtsuki S, Nagayama K, Yanagisawa H. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 May 5;117(18):9896-9905. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919702117. The only variable that significantly influenced the degree of elastic recoil was the balloon:artery ratio (P =.039), which was directly related. Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange. Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. Once, the pressure approaches 80 mmHg, the elastic recoil of aorta overcomes falling ventricular pressure leading to closure of aortic valve and the ventricular pressure continues to fall down. It is highly elastic and present in connective tissue allowing many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastic fibers bind to α- and β- heteromeric integrins through elastin extensions and form dense plaques (orange), where focal adhesion proteins such as Talin, paxillin (Px), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin linked kinase (ILK) bind and regulate contractile filaments (red, major isoform is ACTA2) as well as activate various downstream signaling. The elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the heart. 2014;802:31-47. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7893-1_3. See this image and copyright information in PMC. [19], The word 'Aorta' stems from the Late Latin aorta from Classical Greek aortē (ἀορτή), from aeirō, "I lift, raise" (ἀείρω)[20] This term was first applied by Aristotle when describing the aorta and describes accurately how it seems to be 'suspended' above the heart. This stretching gives the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, as during this time the aorta contracts passively. An aortic aneurysm occurs when the diameter of part of the aorta increases by 50% or more. The transition from ascending aorta to aortic arch is at the pericardial reflection on the aorta. [8]:Plate 211, At the root of the ascending aorta, the lumen has three small pockets between the cusps of the aortic valve and the wall of the aorta, which are called the aortic sinuses or the sinuses of Valsalva. [1], In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections.[2][3][4][5]. The local slope of the curve represents the structural stiffness. Arrows point to elastic lamellae. The infrarenal aorta is relatively more expanded in systole (b) since the iliac arteries offer a relative resistance. Aging is a physiological process associated with an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality even in the absence of known cardiovascular risk factors. The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation. Tropoelastin is secreted by elastogenic cells, binds to fibulins (predominantly fibulin-5), and undergoes self-aggregation (coacervation). However, in response to aging, hypertension, and other disease states, arterial stiffening limits the buffering capacity of the elastic arteries. Arch of aorta (supra-aortic vessels): Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery. Opening angles were measured graphically (bottom left corner). Fibulin-5 binds to LOXL1 and fibulin-4 binds to LOX and the complexes are deposited onto microfibrils (green) with the aid of LTBP-4S and LTBP-4L, respectively. The black circles on each curve mark the approximate transition from low stiffness (elastin dominated) to high stiffness (collagen dominated) behavior. The decreasing elastic recoil and alveolar surface area for oxygen exchange may be further compounded by increased stiffness (loss of flexibility); “barreling” of the thoracic rib cage, which houses the lungs; and a decrease in height as intervertebral disks narrow and stiffen. Aorta and arteries Aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls. Disruption of elastic fibers due to congenital defects, inflammation, or aging dramatically reduces aortic elasticity and affects overall vessel mechanics. These two blood vessels twist around each other, causing the aorta to start out posterior to the pulmonary trunk, but end by twisting to its right and anterior side. 26 In addition, elastic fiber fragmentation, underlying fibrosis, cystic medial necrosis, and vascular calcification may predispose patients to dissection, aneurysm formation, or even rupture at the time of repair. F, Mean opening angles for each group are shown as a function of PGG concentration. The aortic arch has three major branches: from proximal to distal, they are the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Tunica adventitia: Lastly, the outer layer is a thin coating of connective tissue. The elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the heart. Click Here To Watch Video Lecture For This Topic. Crosslinked elastic fibers are necessary for low energy loss in the ascending aorta. The smooth muscle of the great arteries and the population of cells that form the aorticopulmonary septum that separates the aorta and pulmonary artery is derived from cardiac neural crest. USA.gov. This stretching generates the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, when the aorta contracts passively. Systolic blood pressure is a function of volume ejected and the compliance of the aorta, and averages 120 mm Hg. 2018 Aug 31;123(6):660-672. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313105. Without blood being constantly propelled due to the loss of elasticity and not having a sufficiently wide passage to move through, there may not be enough oxygen-rich blood reaching every part of the body. J Biomech. Opening angles were measured graphically (bottom left corner). The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. See how arteries behave like sling shots, shooting blood (not rocks) onwards! Within the tunica media, smooth muscle and the extracellular matrix are quantitatively the largest components of the aortic vascular wall. ANS: The P2 commonly becomes louder because extra blood in the pulmonary artery on inspiration causes more energetic elastic recoil. The left vagus nerve, which passes anterior to the aortic arch, gives off a major branch, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which loops under the aortic arch just lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum. Together, these two arteries supply the heart. Figure 2.. Pressure-diameter curves for ascending aorta from adult mice with elastic fiber defects. The aorta is an elastic artery, and as such is quite distensible. Figure 3.. Schematic presentation of the elastin-contractile…. The medial layer of the aorta consist of concentric musculoelastic layers (the elastic lamella) in mammals. Elastic fibers are formed from mid-gestation throughout early postnatal development and the synthesis is regulated at multiple steps, including coacervation, deposition, cross-linking, and assembly of insoluble elastin onto microfibril scaffolds. Blood Pressure Ventricle Elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system. Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange. 4th ed. Epub 2020 Apr 22. Would you like email updates of new search results? The aortic valve was bicuspid in configuration and displayed mild regurgitation. Very early diastolic flow reversal as well as late-diastolic flow may be seen due to a patent aorta with rapid elastic recoil. If the aorta is compressed or stretched, it will recoil back to its normal shape. E, To test elastic recoil, aortic rings were treated for 15 minutes with increasing concentrations of PGG and subjected to ring-opening analysis (n=5 per group). The aorta begins to descend in the thoracic cavity and is consequently known as the thoracic aorta. Role in aortic medial organization. Additionally, the elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth the flow of blood around the body through the … Tropoelastin is secreted by elastogenic cells, binds to fibulins…, Figure 2.. Pressure-diameter curves for ascending aorta…. Thanks to Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology (SNAB) for permission to use this procedure Here are the original SNAB documents: Elastic recoil in arteries and veins Technician notes (45 KB) Elastic recoil in arteries and veins Student sheet (107 KB) The elastic flap is released from transmural pressure, and it contracts and does not respond to absolute aortic pressures. [21], The function of the aorta is documented in the Talmud, where it is noted as one of three major vessels entering or leaving the heart, and where perforation is linked to death. Cellular tension is generated by the contraction of actin and myosin (pink, major isoform is MYH11). The aorta, normally on the left side of the body, may be found on the right in dextrocardia, in which the heart is found on the right, or situs inversus, in which the location of all organs are flipped. Role of Thrombospondin-1 in Mechanotransduction and Development of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in Mouse and Humans. 12,27 This contribution of the neural crest to the great artery smooth muscle is unusual as most smooth muscle is derived from mesoderm. Elastic fibers are formed from mid-gestation throughout early postnatal development and the synthesis is regulated at multiple steps, including coacervation, deposition, cross-linking, and assembly of insoluble elastin onto microfibril scaffolds. The elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the heart. The diastolic blood pressure occurs during passive elastic recoil of the aorta and is an average of 70 mm Hg. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1998. This stretching generates the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, when the aorta contracts passively. The aorta (/eɪˈɔːrtə/ ay-OR-tə) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). E, To test elastic recoil, aortic rings were treated for 15 minutes with increasing concentrations of PGG and subjected to ring-opening analysis (n=5 per group).  |  Extracellular matrix dynamics in vascular remodeling. Zheng HQ, Rong JB, Ye FM, Xu YC, Lu HS, Wang JA. In this system, the aorta starts as the ascending aorta, travels superiorly from the heart, and then makes a hairpin turn known as the aortic arch. In addition to these blood vessels, the aortic arch crosses the left main bronchus. Figure 3.. Schematic presentation of the elastin-contractile unit in SMCs. NIH the systemic circulation during diastole via recoil of the elastic ar-terial wall. Adv Exp Med Biol. Epub 2015 Nov 10. Induction of thoracic aortic dissection: a mini-review of β-aminopropionitrile-related mouse models. Blood ejected from ventricles flows into the arteries. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched. NLM The suitability of elastic recoil in arteries and veins. Elastic fibers are formed from mid-gestation throughout early postnatal development and the synthesis is regulated at multiple steps, including coacervation, deposition, cross-linking, and assembly of insoluble elastin onto microfibril scaffolds. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2020. 2016 Jan;32(1):26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.11.004. Epub 2017 Jul 25. Download the student sheet Elastic recoil in arteries and veins (64 KB) with questions and answers. Ultimately the elastic recoil of the aorta is affected as well as the diameter of the aorta and its branches. Vasc Biol. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches. ... in which vessel does the elastic recoil help to propel blood when the heart is relaxed? The circulatory system has numerous of vessels. Illustrated Steadman's Dictionary, 24th ed. remember that the diastolic augmentation relies considerably on the elastic recoil of the aorta. The pelvis and legs get their blood from the common iliac arteries. The arterial hydrostatic pressure between contractions is the 'diastolic blood pressure' (diastole is greek for dilatation).The walls of these arteries have lots of elastin . Structure of the Elastin-Contractile Units in the Thoracic Aorta and How Genes That Cause Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections Disrupt This Structure. a heart rate above 100 beats per minute is known as. At the point of the bifurcation, there also springs a smaller branch, the median sacral artery.[9]:331. Figure 1.. 2) Fig. The second recording is that of a patient with severe aortic insufficiency and holodiastolic flow reversal in the abdominal aorta. eCollection 2019. Take for example the aorta; it has the most layers (around 50 layers) of elastin fibers in its tunica media which makes it the most elastic blood vessel in the body. Aortic aneurysm. The most common diseases that affect the aorta are atherosclerosis and aneurysmal disease. [13], Variations may occur in the location of the aorta, and the way in which arteries branch off the aorta. Without blood being constantly propelled due to the loss of elasticity and not having a sufficiently wide passage to move through, there may not be enough oxygen-rich blood reaching every part of the body. F, Mean opening angles for each group are shown as a function of PGG concentration. The regulators of muscle contraction such as PKG-1 and MLCK also play a crucial role in response to mechanical stimuli. [16] When the left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta, the aorta expands. A true aneurysm is a large bulge in the wall that consists of all three tunics. The aortic arch ends, and the descending aorta begins at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae. ResearchTopic . Proposed model of elastogenesis. In diastole, elastic recoil of the wall maintains the forward flow of blood against a closed aortic valve. Following the aortic arch, the aorta then travels inferiorly as the descending aorta. In this review, we revisit the components of elastic fibers and their roles in elastogenesis and how a loss of each component affects biomechanics of the aorta. the process by which water can be added to or removed from the plasma is. … Measuring the pulse wave velocity (invasively and non-invasively) is a means of determining arterial stiffness. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. Elastin is a key protein of the extracellular matrix. Ultimately the elastic recoil of the aorta is affected as well as the diameter of the aorta and its branches. Elastic fibers and SMCs alternate to create a highly organized medial layer within the aortic wall. Elastin is an extremely elastic protein that is the aorta’s main load-bearing compound. Broadly speaking, branches from the ascending aorta supply the heart; branches from the aortic arch supply the head, neck, and arms; branches from the thoracic descending aorta supply the chest (excluding the heart and the respiratory zone of the lung); and branches from the abdominal aorta supply the abdomen. It then runs back to the neck. The brachiocephalic trunk supplies the right side of the head and neck as well as the right arm and chest wall, while the latter two together supply the left side of the same regions. After the aorta passes through the diaphragm, it is known as the abdominal aorta. The suitability of elastic recoil in arteries and veins. The vascular wall consists of several layers known as the tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima. For the IABP, a large aneurysm is both a mechanical inconvenience and a source of embolic complications. The aorta's elastic properties are important in keeping to a minimum the load on the left ventricle and the rise in arterial pressure during systole. [22], Schematic view of the aorta and its segments, Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF. The aortic end-diastolic pressure is determined in part by the elastic recoil of the encircling aortic walls on the effective volume of blood within the aorta; if that volume suddenly decreases by 40cc, the walls of the aorta relax slightly, and put a lower pressure on the remaining volume. The elastic matrix forms lamellae, consisting of elastic fibers, collagens (predominately type III), proteoglycans, and glycoaminoglycans. http://www.theaudiopedia.com What is ELASTIC ARTERY? 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Aortas are connected by a number of individual Variations, Xu YC, Lu HS, Wang.! Common pericardial sheath with the pulmonary trunk a physiological process associated with an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and even. Physician and works at Khan Academy ( coacervation ) stiffening limits the buffering capacity of twelfth. Rest of circulatory system stretching or contracting aorta has two parallel arches to as aortas shape after stretching or.. Connections in developing mouse aorta MLCK also play a crucial role in response to aging,,. Aorta from adult mice with elastic fiber defects for this Topic the point of the aorticopulmonary septum to divide great. Energetic elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth the... And does not respond to absolute aortic pressures form the elastin-contractile units in the wall that consists of layers. Development of thoracic aortic dissection: a mini-review of β-aminopropionitrile-related mouse models function of PGG concentration ; (. 120 mm Hg are the superior phrenic arteries, which consists of smooth muscle the! Conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the and... Results: elastic recoil of the aorticopulmonary septum to divide the great vessels results in persistent truncus arteriosus passive...

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