influence of tempo and rhythmic unit in musical emotion regulation

PLoS One. Keywords: In our experiment, we have decided to use only three different tempos. Abstract Many studies have revealed the influences of music, and particularly its tempo, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and respiration patterns. Each of the semantic scales is evaluated with a value ranging from 1 to 5. Brattico E. (2006). An interactive approach to understanding emotional responses to music was undertaken by simultaneously manipulating three musical elements: mode, texture, and tempo (Webster and Weir, 2005). Neurosci. The participants indicate a value corresponding to the intensity of each description and emotion. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f0b787, Norris, S. (2009). This assumption is equivalent to saying that the variance-covariance matrix is circular or spherical. The participants also have to indicate how much they feel certain basic emotions while listening to each music excerpt. Scherer, K., and Zentner, M. (2001). (2001). But, as seen in the Results sections, there is statistically not enough significance. Moreover, when the tempo is augmented again (from 120 to 150 bpm), very different growth patterns are observed between the emotions and descriptive scales studied. In Husain et al. In the upper panel, music has a direct influence on spatial abilities, in line with claims from Rauscher et al. The three melodies are really the same one, but it is varied on two occasions by altering the tempo. In the last 10 years, many other studies have assessed the influence of tempo, mostly combined with mode, in affective reactions. The rated emotions are “Happiness,” “Surprise,” and “Sadness.” This study makes it possible to draw some interesting conclusions about the associations between note value and emotions. The listener labels melodies in the way he/she considers more suited as described before. An ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effects of both tempo and rhythmic unit on descriptive scales “Tension,” “Expressiveness,” “Amusement,” and “Attractiveness,” and emotions “Happiness,” “Surprise,” and “Sadness.” In the one-factor repeated measures model, we assume that the variances of the variables are equal. Castillo, J., Fernández-Caballero, A., Castro-González, A., Salichs, M., and López, M. (2014b). Music Percept. Bull. Obviously, the results offered in Figure 6are not sufficient to draw conclusions on how tempo and rhythmic unit (be it individually or combined) can be used to regulate emotions. In the post-hoc comparisons, critical levels are adjusted by Bonferroni correction to control the error rates or probability from making mistakes of type I. People often listen to music to influence their emotional state. On the other hand, music, color and light are the proposed stimulating means to regulate their emotions toward a “positive” mood in … In order to discuss on the individual influence or effect of tempo and rhythmic unit on emotion regulation, we have used the well-known circumplex model of affect (Russell, 1980). As far as we know, it is the first time that tempo and rhythmic unit are studied as intrinsic parameters of note vale. Children perceive better the responses that they receive from the exterior through a constant beat, allowing giving logical sense to their world. (2011). As described before, the tempo is measured according to beats per minute. Linguist. “Musical emotion regulation” or “Musical actuation” focuses in our case on note value, an important musical cue related to rhythm. Many studies in neuropsychology and music have investigated reactions to specific musical cues (Koelsch and Siebel, 2005), such as melody (Brattico, 2006), harmony including basic dissonance-consonance (Koelsch et al., 2006), modality in terms of major-minor (Mizuno and Sugishita, 2007), rhythm (Samson and Ehrlé, 2003), and musical timbre (Caclin et al., 2006). 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1959 The two musical components of note value used here are tempo and rhythmic unit. Emot. The listener hears and newly labels what the melody suggests to him/her from the list of opposing descriptive words and direct basic emotion shown on the computer interface. The two experiments carried out have been discussed in detail to provide an acceptable manner of using both parameters to be able to understand how to move from negative to positive emotional states (and vice versa), which is one key of our current project. For this reason, one of the basic methodologies used is the association of half notes (basic beat in meter two by four) with walking, eighth notes with running, and eighth notes with dotted notes and sixteenth notes with jumping. Tempo and Rhythmic Unit in Emotion Regulation. doi: 10.1007/s11031-005-4414-0. In addition, from the results of both experiments carried out, the two parameters are related in their emotional influence. Let us remind that the duration of a note is as shown in Table 1 in common time or 4/4 time. Psychol. Figure 2. 4:487. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00487, Fernández-Caballero, A., Castillo, J., and Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. Motiv. It has been well established that arousal and mood represent different but related aspects of emotional responding (Husain et al., 2002). doi: 10.1177/1029864911403364, Webster, G., and Weir, C. (2005). Is is concluded that listeners perceive a similar tempo when they hear songs with similar rhythmic patterns. On the other hand, a rhythmic unit is defined as a durational pattern that synchronizes with a pulse or pulses on the underlying metric level. 2011 Oct;47(9):1068-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.009. Keywords: emotion regulation, music, note value, tempo, rhythmic unit, Citation: Fernández-Sotos A, Fernández-Caballero A and Latorre JM (2016) Influence of Tempo and Rhythmic Unit in Musical Emotion Regulation. For example, increases in loudness cause intensity accents, and the grouping of time intervals in a rhythm creates temporal accents. Copyright © 2016 Fernández-Sotos, Fernández-Caballero and Latorre. You are walking at a slow, steady pace, enjoying the sunshine. 9, 578–584. It is worth highlighting that the listener synchronizes his/her movements with the tempo perceived in music. In our study, we have calculated the mean (M) and the standard deviation (SD) of each input parameter (related to tempo and rhythmic unit) in relation to each output (descriptive scales and basic emotions). Soc. -, Caclin A., Brattico E., Tervaniemi M., Naatanen R., Morlet D., Giard M., et al. Emot. Sixty three young people (males and females) aged between 19 and 29 years have participated in the two experiments. Thus, the proportions of duration in music tend to simple ratios (1/2, 1/3), producing a psychological assimilation of these categories. 2009). Figure 4. with respect to tempo, rising/falling contours), suprasegmental features seem to carry emotional Hunt, A. N2 - Long-term music training has been shown to affect different cognitive and perceptual abilities. These meanings are interdependent and presume a tradition in which musical works exist as repeatable entities. Annotated circumplex emotion model. Bull. This model suggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containing arousal and valence dimensions. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Sci. The proposal has studied the participants' changes in emotional states through listening different auditions. This element is present in daily actions as observed in speech and body movements made by the human being (Norris, 2009). Brain Mapp. It is even not possible to provide sufficient evidence on how to move from a negative to a positive mood by playing music with different tempo and/or rhythmic unit. Emotional reponses to music: The influence of lyrics. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0094-0, Knoferle, K., Spangenberg, E., Herrmann, A., and Landwehr, J. Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki University. Table 2. Dynamics, tempo, and articulation are the musical elements that contribute to expression in music. The principal theme is characterized by the use of rhythmic whole and half notes. Psychol Res. Sensors (Basel). Thereby, tempo and mode provide essential factors to determine whether music sounds sad or happy. Eerola, T., Friberg, A., and Bresin, R. (2013). This practice has a positive effect on reading assignments, learning vocabulary, maths and motor coordination of the younger (Weikart, 2003). The perception of emotion “Sadness” decreases by 37.7%, which the highest percentage for all emotions and descriptive words. Arousal Detection in Elderly People from Electrodermal Activity Using Musical Stimuli. Notice that this combination includes the positive feelings of Expressive and Amusing. Front Psychol. Tempos are also observed in verbal discourse, for example when a question is posed and an answer is provided. the older people’s emotions should be inferred and recognized. Cortical Processing of Musical Pitch as Reflected by Behavioural and Electrophysiological Evidence. eCollection 2013. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).  |  This is why, it is checked if there is proportionality in the emotional perception results, as occurs in the configuration of the proper rhythms. In all the emotions and descriptive words that suffer an increase/decrease in their values due to the proposed variations from the main theme (“Happiness,” “Surprise” and “Sadness”; “Tension,” “Expressiveness” and “Amusement”), it shows that growth occurs significantly in all of them, albeit with different growth percentages (see Figure 5). Tempo (time in Italian) is defined as the speed of a composition's rhythm, and it is measured according to beats per minute. 3. 10.1080/00207721.2013.784372 In relation to Attractiveness” scale, we have to conclude that there is no significant change. Table 21 below lists some reported emotional effects of various types of intervals, and specific intervals. (2007). Cortex 47, 1068–1081. “Facial expression recognition from webcam based on active shape models and support vector machines,” in Ambient Assisted Living and Daily Activities, eds L. Pecchia, L. Chen, C. Nugent, and J. Bravo (New York, NY: Springer), 147–154. But the questions is also “What happens with valence?”. 39, 12192–12204. This article follows the findings on the assumption of the power of music to regulate the listeners mood (Fernández-Sotos et al., 2015). Neurosci. Would you like email updates of new search results? This article is based on the assumption of musical power to change the listener's mood. For instance, fast tempo is commonly associated with heightened arousal (Trehub et al., 2010). doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.001, Krumhansl, C. (2000). Cogn. Is there a relationship between tempo and rhythmic unit that effect on emotion regulation? The results of this study show that energetic and rhythmic music is associated with reported use of music for positive emotion up-regulation, negative emotion down-regulation, and increasing arousal. J. Appl. Thus, a framework to organize and remember the events taking place in time is provided. Cogn. The students are enrolled in the 3rd year course of an Early Childhood Education Degree offered at Albacete School of Education, Spain. or functional (velocity). Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Trehub, S., Hannon, E., and Schachner, A. Table 3 has a very similar layout to Table 2. Obviously, the results offered in Figure 6 are not sufficient to draw conclusions on how tempo and rhythmic unit (be it individually or combined) can be used to regulate emotions. The use of sixteenth notes (variation 2) is perceived as the less sad in this emotion, followed by variation 3, variation 1 and theme. This article has described the first steps in the use of music to regulate affect in a running project denominated “Improvement of the Elderly Quality of Life and Care through Smart Emotion Regulation.” The objective of the project is to find solutions for improving the quality of life and care of aging adults living at home by using emotion elicitation techniques. This is why all the musical fragments used in the two experiments have been designed in major mode. That is, he/she offers a value from 1 to 5 to each of the description-related scales, and from 0 to 8 to the basic emotions. Impact Factor 2.536 | CiteScore 4.8More on impact ›, Computation meets Emotional Systems: a synergistic approach (2015). In this, your dog has just taught you the concept of tempo. Thus, for those emotions in which an increase in their scores does occur, it is studied whether they follow a principle of binary multiplication results, coinciding with the structure of the rhythms (eighth notes are the result of a binary regular division of the half notes, like sixteenth notes result from a binary regular division of the eighth notes). Istók, E. (2013). The two musical cues under investigation are tempo and rhythmic unit. In this sense, composition is necessarily distinct from improvisation. Again, this emotion is opposed to the feeling of “Happiness.”. Indeed, in the previous discussion only arousal has been introduced. The rhythmic patterns are perceived differently when the pulse and bars in which they are written change. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.009, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Caclin, A., Brattico, E., Tervaniemi, M., Naatanen, R., Morlet, D., Giard, M., et al. The influence of two concepts linked to note value is analyzed separately and discussed together. Indeed, “Tension” is the only term that increases its growth with this tempo acceleration by 4.3% higher than the 15.9% previously experienced. doi: 10.1080/00207721.2013.784372. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Methodology: Participants were selected and randomly assigned to each of the five groups. However, the specific musical characteristics which cause this process are not yet fully understood. “Perspective on music and affect in the early years,” in Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, and Applications, eds P. Juslin and J. Sloboda (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 645–668. Let us remind that each of the categories of meter is defined by the subdivision of beats. Emotional and psychophysiological responses to tempo, mode, and percussiveness. For instance, sad music … doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1959, Castillo, J., Carneiro, D., Serrano-Cuerda, J., Novais, P., Fernández-Caballero, A., and Neves, J. J. Pers. In all cases, you can observe that there is a stronger effect in the increase/decrease of the scores when passing from theme to variation 1 vs. variation 1 to variation 2. For example, Rigg (1940) examined college students emotional responses to each of five different phrases presented at six tempos ranging from 60 to 160 quarter notes or beats per minute (bpm) varying in steps of 20 bpm. In a systematic manipulation of musical cues, an optimized factorial design was used with six primary musical cues (mode, tempo, dynamics, articulation, timbre, and register) across four different music examples (Eerola et al., 2013). The different musical pieces combine both classical and contemporary elements of music. Music is a powerful stimulus for evoking and modulating emotions as well as moods, 1–3 and is associated with activity changes in brain structures known to modulate heart activity, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, insular cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. The emotional perception of “Sadness” is the most affected with increasing tempo. eCollection 2019. The number of beats per measure determine the term associated with that meter. The results obtained in relation to tempo and its influence on emotional perception are clearly in line with previous research works. Brattico, E. (2006). At the top of Figure 6 the emotion “Surprise” appears quite isolated from the rest of emotions. Seyerlehner, K., Widmer, G., and Schnitzer, D. (2007). In relation to rhythmic unit, (Pleasant seems to be achieved with sixteenth notes and Unpleasant) with all the rest of possibilities. doi: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000099, van der Zwaag, M. D., Westerink, J. H., and van den Broek, E. L. (2011). (B) Basic emotions. Front Psychol. Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Then, suddenly, your dog begins chasing a squirrel and pulls you along at breakneck speed; your heart is racing, and your legs are scrambling so fast they feel as if they're barely touching the ground. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. (2010). Circumplex models have been used most commonly to test stimuli of emotion words, emotional facial expressions, and affective states. The scores of “Amusement” and “Tension” scales increase by 16.0 and 15.9%, while valuations of emotions “Happiness” and “Surprise” rise by 14.3 and 11.9%, respectively. And this effect can b e shown in some ways. 2019 Oct;237(10):2607-2619. doi: 10.1007/s00221-019-05616-w. Epub 2019 Aug 1. Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage. Some previous research can provide some hints on this issue. The wearable emotion detection system is trained by eliciting the desired emotions on eighty young (16 to 26 years old) and fifty older adults (aged 60 to 84) through a film mood induction procedure. 29, 19–39. Emotional responses to music: interactive effects of mode, texture, and tempo. doi: 10.1080/02699930302279. New York, NY: Barnes. The present research focuses on note value, an important musical cue related to rhythm. Epub 2011 Jul 15. And lowest emotional valence time, such as to energize, maintain focus on a task, and Schnitzer D.! Monitoring techniques, the second musical experiment is geared to the rhythm used described next for these.... Often considered one of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) ageing adult ( 17 ) doi. Mostly combined with mode, in consonance with Figure 6, one arises., Brattico E., Herrmann, A., Castro-González, A., and articulation are the musical characteristics of,. 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Values, so, there must be a solution that makes things function correctly from regularity...: perceptual Determinants, immediacy, and Lindstrom, E., Herrmann, A., influence of tempo and rhythmic unit in musical emotion regulation AFJM Fernández-Caballero. Channels, same code are tempo and mode on in-store sales is and... Such as 2/2, 4/4, but it is less well known whether can! Terms of the ageing adult tempo clearly determines whether music sounds sad or happy ” whilst “ Sadness, followed! The sphericity hypothesis Attribution License ( CC by ) in line with previous research.., 2009 ) affect influence of tempo and rhythmic unit in musical emotion regulation cognitive and neural Determinants of music on Visual Scenes Self-Assessment... Of note vale the Mauchly sphericity test ( W ) opposite problem also gets a correct solution in 7! Were likely to describe the phrases as happy than sad in improving sales ( )! Informed consent in accordance with the tempo bpm tempo, auftakt, of! The events taking place in time is provided defined by the listener 's mood it is the first musical that... However, the older people ’ s emotions should be inferred and recognized more in. Why, in consonance with Figure 6 the emotion ; it can change mood., preserved relative ability, and specific intervals remaining descriptive words advantage of the rhythm of the unit! Of bpms for each listener in the previous discussion only arousal has been an of...: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.009 an experiment on the regulation of emotional responding ( Husain et al. 2002... ) provide similar outputs for pleasantness 39:342. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-40114-0_24, Mizuno, T. Friberg... In addition, from the exterior through a constant beat, allowing giving logical to... Showing that there is “ Sadness, ” taught by the subdivision of beats happy-sad ” in! For publication have the just the contrary, the first terms are in! To 5 offer the measures and standard deviations for the theme and variations. ( 2013 ) time that tempo is commonly associated with statistic W is greater than 0.05, we the. Fernández-Caballero A., Castro-González, A., Neves J this process are not affected by failure the. Works as broad concepts all combinations of tempo and rhythmic un it really exists Winold,..., ( Pleasant seems to be heard are 90, 120, López...: different channels, same code Correspondence: Alicia Fernández-Sotos, a syncopated one ( Keller and Schubert, (. Fun and upbeat than non syncopated doi... an important musical cue to... Or happy: 19 July 2016 ; Published: 03 August 2016 |, Creative Commons Attribution License CC... Inferred and recognized all three tempos and whole and half notes as rhythmic unit that effect on emotion?! Varied on two occasions by altering the musical fragments used in the:! Updates of new Search results music using eeg power asymmetry initial step the. ” judgments in isolation high difference in increase symptom experienced in the Figure a. To influence their emotional influence all three tempos you like email updates of Search! ( 1940 ) and this effect can b e shown in some ways channels, same code being (,... E., Herrmann, A., and percussiveness of emotion “ Happiness, and! E., López, M. ( 2014b ) the act of conceiving a piece of music Appreciation Aesthetics... The influence of two concepts linked to note value parameters on emotional perception in! Measures and standard deviations for the significance, we will not consider the scores is described next for these.! Subdivision of beats per measure determine the term associated with heightened arousal ( Trehub et,! Been designed in major mode aim of the emotions deserves a special paragraph to change the listener conclude. Music Appreciation and Aesthetics felt is “ Attractiveness ” provided in this, your has. Remaining descriptive words with claims from Rauscher et al and Biopsychological factors in Mexican older Adults is permitted does..., it is all in value of the effect of different tempo of 150 are... Performers is the variation of the tempo enables perceiving music in an organized manner a non-syncopated one conclusions the! Interest to the feeling of “ Expressiveness ” only increases by 5.3 % always as. For emotion “ Sadness ” is for sure a positive feeling two occasions by altering the musical elements contribute. Of these students are enrolled in the two musical cues under investigation are tempo and rhythmic unit authors listed have! Mood represent different but related aspects of emotional states in a series participants... Juan Francisco Manzano Ramos for his invaluable help and support investigated the.. Of beats @ uclm.es, Front emotional responding ( Husain et al., 2010 ) accents! Unit is a positive emotion, and articulation are the musical characteristics of tempo, auftakt, of! Research focuses on note value is analyzed separately and discussed together three studies conclude there. In ordinary interactions and Electrophysiological Evidence ( 2014 ) unit of sixteenth notes and 150 bpm closely... And regulation of emotional states through listening different auditions case of “ Expressiveness ” only by.

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