Four sports studies only found a moderate impact on children’s positive communication [49], interpersonal communication [21] and communication skills [73, 75]. Physical Development. Child social activities grow with the passage of time, that is called socialization process, which continues throughout the life.. Four studies were conducted in PE (two quantitative, one qualitative and one mixed method) and four were conducted in sports (two qualitative and two mixed method). All five studies [25, 37, 38, 47, 87] reported a positive relationship between PE and sports and decision-making. The term life skills education, which has also been used by scholars in the field (Bean and Forneris, 2017), was defined by the WHO as follows: “Life skills education is designed to facilitate the practice and reinforcement of psychosocial skills in a culturally and developmentally appropriate way; it contributes to the promotion of personal and social development, … This makes it difficult for researchers to compare results across programmes so as to conclude which programmes result in the greatest benefits. Social development takes place on individual levels as well as broader societal levels. Kristine De Martelaer is Associate Professor at the Department of Movement and Sports Sciences at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium and Professor at Utrecht University for a Special Chair on the Pedagogy of Physical Education. In that sense, social development on a larger scale is embedded largely in democratic principles. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health, Tool for assessing responsibility-based education (TARE): Instrument development, content validity, and inter-rater reliability, Implementation and outcomes of a responsibility-based physical activity program integrated into an intact high school physical education class, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, North West Counties Physical Education Association, SAGE Publications, Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage, Society of Health and Physical Educators, 2014, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054, https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/30.pdf. The focus should be on the individual’s strengths (e.g. All PE programmes [27, 29, 39] except for one [40] contributed positively to participants’ problem-solving abilities. View or download all the content the society has access to. If the concept was found to be similar to another, based on their definition and synonyms, the concepts were placed together (e.g. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. Most studies had a cross-sectional design, precluding us from drawing conclusions in relation to children’s personal and social development over time. In another study, only some of the participants (i.e. It is a person’s ability to maintain a state of mental well-being and to demonstrate this in adaptive and positive behaviour while interacting with others, his/her culture and his/her environment” (World Health Organization, 1997: 1). In two PE studies [27, 41], students reported that they employed some of the skills in settings other than the programme. Friendship at this age does not have the associated qualities of empathy and support that older children, adolescents, and adults develop. The main findings were extracted and structured under the different themes and presented for PE and sports separately (research question 3). All three PE studies were positive with regard to its contribution to creating meaningful relationships [8], interacting with others [31] and having relationships with teammates or peers [60]. In April 1998, the WHO held a United Nations Inter-Agency Meeting to reach consensus on the meaning and objectives of life skills education. Development can be defined in a manner applicable to all societies at all historical periods as an upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, complexity, comprehension, creativity, mastery, enjoyment and accomplishment. By indicating when a study lacked specific information we tried to be as transparent as possible.
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