the appropriate use of laboratory animals in animal research

Procedures (often called “operating procedures” or “standard operating procedures”) are typically detailed, step-by-step processes meant to ensure the consistent application of institutional practices. The ethics of animal research: A UK perspective. The use of animals is essential to the teaching and research missions of UNC Charlotte and the University is committed to their judicious and humane use. The Three Rs represent a practical method for implementation of the principles described above. A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. Rodent Handling and Restraint Techniques. In the Guide, laboratory animals (also referred to as animals) are generally defined as any vertebrate animal (i.e., traditional laboratory animals, agricultural animals, wildlife, and aquatic species) produced for or used in research, testing, or teaching. Over the years, the Three Rs have become an internationally accepted approach for researchers to apply when deciding to use animals in research and in designing humane animal research studies. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Any painful or distressful procedure, regardless of whether it can or cannot be obviated, must be reviewed and approved in advance by the IACUC. important to keep in mind that the Guide is intended to provide information to assist researchers, institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), veterinarians, and other stakeholders in ensuring the implementation of effective and appropriate animal care and use programs that are based on humane care. London: NCB. Washington: Office of Science and Technology Policy. Humane care means those actions taken to ensure that laboratory animals are treated according to high ethical and scientific standards. I. In fact, mice share more than 98% DNA with us! The University’s animal care and use program is the ultimate responsibility of the Chancellor, who has delegated responsibility for the program to the Vice Chancellor for Research and Economic Development. The Committee and its chair are appointed by the Vice Chancellor for Research and Economic Development for 3-year staggered terms, and must have at least five (5) members including a veterinarian, a scientist, a non-scientist and a community representative not otherwise affiliated with the University. AAALAC International accreditation covers all animals used or intended for use in research, teaching, or testing. Both researchers and institutions have affirmative duties of humane care and use that are supported by practical, ethical, and scientific principles. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. document.getElementById('google-search-policy-q').value = new_q; IRAC [Interagency Research Animal Committee]. [1] Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [2] USDA Animal Welfare Regulations [3] USDA regulations apply to all mammals, with the exception of laboratory mice and rats bred for the purpose of research. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals I. Washington: National Academy Press. However, an engineering standard can be useful to establish a baseline and is relatively easy to use in evaluating compliance. Publication of the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. 1999. Available at http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/USGovtPrncpl.htm; accessed May 10, 2010. McCarthy CR. There are several reasons why the use of animals is critical for biomedical research: • Animals are biologically very similar to humans. Euthanasia - the act of inducing humane death in an animal by a method that induces rapid loss of consciousness and death with a minimum of pain, discomfort or distress. 1. The AWA applies to all species of warm blooded vertebrate animals used for research, testing, or teaching, except farm animals used for agricultural research. element.value = ''; 2007. This approach relies on an analysis of experimental design, applications of newer technologies, the use of appropriate statistical methods, and control of environmentally related variability in animal housing and study areas (see Appendix A). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals PREPUBLICATION DRAFT Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu Most importantly, research institutions are required – by law – to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee all work with animals. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. … Bioterrorism Agents: Appropriate Use of Animal Models (2006) Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals (2006) Science, Medicine, and Animals: Teacher’s Guide (2005) Taken together, the practical effect of these laws, regulations, and policies is to establish a system of self-regulation and regulatory oversight that binds researchers and institutions using animals. Moreover, without the use of animals, adequate instruction of students in the life sciences would be impossible. A practical strategy for decision making, the “Three Rs” (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) approach, is discussed in more detail below. If you would like to continue using JoVE, please let your librarian know as they consider the most appropriate subscription options for your institution’s academic community. Perry P. 2007. } Other government agencies and professional organizations have published similar principles (NASA 2008; NCB 2005; NIH 2006, 2007; for additional references see Appendix A). The use of laboratory animals in research, teaching, testing, and production is also governed or affected by various federal and local laws, regulations, and standards; for example, in the United States the Animal Welfare Act (AWA 1990) and Regulations (PL 89-544; USDA 1985) and/or Public Health Service (PHS) Policy (PHS 2002) may apply. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates. } else { INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RESEARCH PUbLICATIONS. 1985. November 2007. Veterinary consultation must occur when pain or distress is beyond the level anticipated in the protocol description or when interventional control is not possible. and the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. In making such determinations, it is. The IACUC, appointed by the Institutional Official, is recognized as the principal point of communication about laboratory animal and use issues for the University. The Guide is written in general terms so that its recommendations can be applied in diverse institutions and settings that produce or use animals for research, teaching, and testing. Memorandum of Understanding Among the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service USDA and the Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, and the National Institutes of Health Concerning Laboratory Animal Welfare. Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Finally, members of the public should feel assured that adherence to the Guide will ensure humane care and use of laboratory animals. March 1, 2006. This approach requires that users, IACUCs, veterinarians, and producers apply professional judgment in making specific decisions regarding animal care and use. The Guide plays an important role in decision making regarding the use of vertebrate laboratory animals because it establishes the minimum ethical, practice, and care standards for researchers and their institutions. The Guide is intended for a wide and diverse audience, including. When appropriate, considerations or specific emphases for agricultural animals and nontraditional species are presented. AWA [Animal Welfare Act]. May indicates a suggestion to be considered. The specific. Helpful Links The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), is a private, non-governmental, non-profit organization that promotes high-quality science through humane animal research and implementation of alternatives. ILAR J 40:1-37. (Title 9, Chapter 1, Subchapter A): Animal Welfare. Available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm; accessed June 9, 2010. Published in the Federal Register, May 20, 1985, vo. Animal Welfare Act. The materials and information on the Office of Legal Affairs website are presented for informational and general guidance purposes only and should not be relied upon as legal advice. Readers are reminded that the Guide is used by a diverse group of national and international institutions and organizations, many of which are covered by neither the Animal Welfare Act nor the PHS Policy. 2002. Educators and trainers can use the Guide as a document to assess both the scope and adequacy of training programs supported by the institution. The screening follows guidelines and requirements from the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), International and the UW Institutional Animal Care … Students taking part in such procedures must be appropriately instructed and supervised. Procedures involving animals must be performed by, or be closely supervised by a faculty or staff member who is skilled in the procedure. The Guide uses some terminology that is both defined by US statute and denotes a general concept (e.g., “attending veterinarian,” “adequate veterinary care,” and “institutional official”). Animal Use Screening Use the animal use medical screening (AUMS) to evaluate and address potential health risks that may be associated with work activities in the animal care and use environment. The term includes absolute replacements (i.e., replacing animals with inanimate systems such as computer programs) as well as relative replacements (i.e., replacing animals such as vertebrates with animals that are lower on the phylogenetic scale). Russell WMS, Burch RL. Principles are broader in their scope and intended application, and are accepted generalizations about a topic that are frequently endorsed by many and diverse organizations (e.g., the U.S. Government Principles). Nontraditional animals, inclusive of invertebrate species, are also included where they are relevant to the institution's mission. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? The goal of the Guide is to promote the humane care and use of laboratory animals by providing information that will enhance animal wellbeing, the quality of research, and the advancement of scientific knowledge that is relevant to both humans and animals. Notice regarding annual DoD requests for USDA Inspection Reports. Managers of animal care facilities are expected to meet the guidelines set forth in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals or other guides as adopted by the IACUC. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 amendments to the regulations that implement the AWA currently also exempt birds, rats of the genus Rattus , and mice of the genus Mus , bred for use in research. Federal Register, May 20, 1985. The Ethics of Research Using Animals. 2005. Faculty members or University staff who plan to use live vertebrate animals in their research and/or teaching are responsible for knowing and understanding this Policy and IACUC procedures, for obtaining IACUC approval for the use of animals, and for adherence to all federal, state, and local laws. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. It is essential that the desired outcomes and/or goals be clearly defined and appropriate performance measures regularly monitored in order to verify the success of the process. The housing, care, feeding and observation of all animals must be supervised by individuals trained in such matters. All rights reserved. The IACUCs require researchers to justify their need for animals; select the most appropriate species and use the fewest number of animals possible to answer a specific question. It is a trust that mandates responsible and humane care and use of these animals. For information about regulatory compliance or to request a copy of the Duke University Manual for Animal Research, contact the DLAR at 919-684-2797. However, those who use animals are morally and legally obligated to care for them properly and use them humanely. 1985. The Guide is central to these analyses and to the development of a program in which humane care is incorporated into all aspects of laboratory animal care and use. Bethesda: Office of Extramural Research, NIH. if (count_q > 0) { Significant benefits to the health and welfare of both animals and humans have resulted from animal use in research, and continued use is crucial to future advancements. Vertebrate animals will be used for research and teaching only when no other appropriate means are available, and when every effort has been made to minimize animal pain and discomfort. NASA Principles for the Ethical Care and Use of Animals. Faculty investigators are also responsible for ensuring that all associated lab personnel receive the appropriate level of training and proficiency in animal handling and manipulation and are knowledgeable about the procedures and techniques they will be using, as well as lab safety issues and precautions when working with live animals. var new_q = "site:legal.uncc.edu/policies " + current_q; The University of North Carolina at Charlotte9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001704-687-8622, Chapter 100 Personnel Policies and Regulations, Chapter 300 Research, Intellectual Property, and Information Technology, Chapter 600 Property, Finances, Services and Records, Chapter 800 University Policies of General Application, Copyright, Trademark, & Patent Law Resources, FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act), Public Records, Public Bodies, & Open Meetings, Umstead Act: State Competition with Private Business, Laboratory Animals Used for Teaching and Research, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), Animal Care and Use Program Policies, Guidelines, and SOPs, NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Any misuse of laboratory animals whether intentional or unwitting, will be addressed. Finally, in collaboration with the IACUC, the Office of Research Compliance establishes and publishes procedures for the implementation of this Policy. Lab Animal Welfare Do you conduct or supervise studies that use laboratory animals? Implementation of a humane care program, and creation of a laboratory environment in which humane care and respect for animals are valued and encouraged, underlies the core requirements of the Guide and the system of self-regulation it supports (Klein and Bayne 2007). 1992. If your institution received a request to send its USDA Inspection Report to ACURO, that is a legitimate request/email. Performance Standards and Animal Welfare: Definition, Application and Assessment, Parts I and II. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. The Vice Chancellor for Research and Economic Development serves as the Institutional Official (IO), a position defined by federal law and PHS Policy, and is responsible for signing the PHS Assurance and for committing University resources to ensure that the requirements of the PHS Policy and the Animal Welfare Act are met. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Introduction. design in laboratory animal research (Russell and Burch 1959). Russell and R.L. 2007. • Animals are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans – cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. Brown, Kathleen L. Smiler, in The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, 2012. Ready to take your reading offline? The decision to use animals in research requires critical thought, judgment, and analysis. The Guide can assist IACUCs and administrators in protocol review, assessment, and oversight of an animal care and use program. Performance standards can be advantageous because they accommodate the consideration of many variables (such as the species and previous history of the animals, facilities, staff. Not a MyNAP member yet? Employees working with animals in a research environment may be exposed to a variety of occupational The Guide does not address in detail agricultural animals used in production, agricultural research or teaching, wildlife and aquatic species studied in natural settings, or invertebrate animals (e.g., cephalopods) used in research, but establishes general principles and ethical considerations that are also applicable to these species and situations. The performance approach requires professional input, sound judgment, and a team approach to achieve specific goals. Showing 1 - 15 in 15 videos. It was intended to guide careful and considered discussion of the ethical challenges that arise in the course of animal research under NASA’s auspices, but it is helpful to animal use in general. 9 CFR 1A. USDA [US Department of Agriculture]. Protective clothing should be changed as appropriate to minimize cross contamination between species or activities in different animal rooms within the facility. The Guide is meant to be read by the user in its entirety, as there are many concepts throughout that may be helpful. Studies that may result in severe or chronic pain or significant alterations in the animals’ ability to maintain normal physiology, or adequately respond to stressors, should include descriptions of appropriate humane endpoints or provide science-based justification for not using a particular, commonly accepted humane endpoint. Greenbelt MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. Animal use is defined as the proper care, use, and humane treatment of laboratory animals produced for or used in research, testing, or teaching. Because the Guide is written in general terms, IACUCs have a key role in interpretation, implementation, oversight, and evaluation of institutional animal care and use programs. Marilyn J. Lab Animal Research. Available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/finalmou.htm. It is the responsibility of each faculty member under whose authority, responsibility, or cognizance animals are used for research, testing, education, or training to ensure that persons performing anesthesia, surgery, or other experimental manipulations are qualified through appropriate training or experience to accomplish these tasks in a humane and scientifically acceptable manner and in … (Adapted from the U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training.) Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. An institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) is required by federal regulations for most institutions that use animals in research, teaching, and testing. return ''; In all instances where Guide recommendations are different from applicable legal or policy requirements, the higher standard should apply. 50, no. } To meet its ethical and legal obligations, the University has established an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee the University's animal care and use programs, facilities, and procedures and ensure the appropriate care, use, and humane treatment of animals being used for research and teaching. The IACUC is obligated to assess the validity of the concerns and to respond in an appropriate manner to claims of disregard for the welfare of laboratory animals. These procedures will be consistent and current with all applicable Federal, state, and local laws related to the humane care and use of live animals. Background--Per Department of Defense (DoD) regulations, the Animal Care & Use Review Office (ACURO) must review USDA inspection reports annually for all institutions using animals to conduct … The Committee for the Update of the Guide believes that the terms set out below are important for a full understanding of the Guide. In 1959, W.M.S. Available at http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=8314313bd7adf2c9f1964e2d82a88d92andc=ecfrandtpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title09/9cfrv1_02.tpl; accessed January 14, 2010. In 1996, NASA published an influential document titled “NASA Principles for the Ethical Care and Use of Animals”. Principal investigators are strongly discouraged from advocating animal reuse as a reduction strategy, and reduction should not be a rationale for reusing an animal or animals that have already undergone experimental procedures especially if the well-being of the animals would be compromised. NRC [National Research Council]. Burch published a practical strategy of replacement, refinement, and reduction—referred to as the Three Rs—for researchers to apply when considering experimental. NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration]. Bethesda: Office of Extramural Research, NIH. The University is committed to maintaining that accreditation, and each faculty member, staff member, or student involved in the use of animals is responsible for protecting their welfare and for knowing, understanding, and complying with applicable laws. NIH. Reduction involves strategies for obtaining comparable levels of information from the use of fewer animals or for maximizing the information obtained from a given number of animals (without increasing pain or distress) so that in the long run fewer animals are needed to acquire the same scientific information. If you are an IACUC member or administrator you should complete the “Essentials for IACUC members” course. “Acceptable method with Conditions” - These … It is the policy of Washington University in St. Louis to comply with all federal and state laws and regulations pertainin… Establishing a culture of care, conscience, and responsibility: Addressing the improvement of scientific discovery and animal welfare through science-based performance standards. ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. { The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition, http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/USGovtPrncpl.htm, http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?t=NPDandc=8910ands=1B, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/mou_olaw_va_2007_11.htm, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/finalmou.htm, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm, http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=8314313bd7adf2c9f1964e2d82a88d92andc=ecfrandtpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title09/9cfrv1_02.tpl, Addendum: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition, Appendix A: Additional Selected References, Appendix B: U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training. 2008. Additionally, OESO works with Employee Occupational Health and Wellness to prevent Laboratory Animal Allergy among employees. var current_q = document.getElementById('google-search-policy-q').value; The University recognizes and accepts its legal and ethical obligations for the humane treatment of animals used in its classrooms and laboratories. Compliance with these laws, regulations, policies, and standards (or subsequent revised versions) in the establishment and implementation of a program of animal care and use is discussed in Chapter 2. The IACUC reviews all requests for approval to use live vertebrate animals, performs inspections of all areas and laboratories where animals are housed and used, and oversees training and educational programs. Memorandum of Understanding Between the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services and the Office of Research Oversight and the Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, US Department of Veterans Affairs Concerning Laboratory Animal Welfare. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. It includes the establishment and support of an IACUC or equivalent ethical oversight committee and the maintenance of an environment in which the IACUC can function successfully to carry out its responsibilities under the Guide and applicable laws and policies. Refinement and reduction goals should be balanced on a case-by-case basis. NIH [National Institutes of Health]. Examples may include the use of human volunteers, training manikins, tissues and cells, mathematical and computer models, and established cell lines. 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